Term

 Marks

Definition

state

1

Give a specific name, value or other brief answer in a sentence related to the question

identify

1-2

Asks candidates to recognize one or more component parts or processes.

define

1-2

Asks candidates to give a clear and precise account of a given word or term.

distinguish

1-2

Asks candidates to demonstrate a clear understanding of similar terms.

outline

2

Asks candidates to write a brief summary of the major aspects of the issue, principle, approach or argument stated in the question.

describe

2

Asks candidates to give a portrayal of a given situation. It is a neutral request to present a detailed picture of a given situation, event, pattern, process or outcome, although it may be followed by a further opportunity for discussion and analysis.

construct

*

Asks candidates to present a variety of information in a diagrammatic or tabular form.

calculate

*

Asks candidates to give a precise answer, meaning that there is only one acceptable answer. For example: Calculate the mean of the following test scores: 5, 7, 8, 9, 3, 4, 6.

explain

2-3

Asks candidates to describe clearly, make intelligible and give reasons for a concept, process, relationship or development.

discuss/ consider

2-3

Asks candidates to consider a statement or to offer a considered review or balanced discussion of a particular topic. If the question is presented in the form of a quotation, the specific purpose is to stimulate a discussion on each of its parts. The question is asking for the candidate’s opinions; these should be presented clearly and supported with as much empirical evidence and sound argument as possible.

compare/ compare & contrast

2-3

Asks candidates to describe two situations and present the similarities and differences between them. On its own, a description of the two situations does not meet the requirements of this key word.

explain

2-3

Asks candidates to describe clearly, make intelligible and give reasons for a concept, process, relationship or development.

account for

3

Asks candidates to explain a particular happening or outcome. Candidates are expected to present a reasoned case for the existence of something.

assess

3-4

Asks candidates to measure and judge the merits and quality of an argument or concept. Candidates must clearly identify and explain the evidence for the assessment they make.

analyse

4

Asks candidates to respond with a closely argued and detailed examination of a perspective or a development. Indicate the relevant interrelationships between key variables, any relevant assumptions involved and also include a critical view of the significance of the account as presented. If this key is augmented by "the extent to which" then the candidate should be clear that judgment is also sought.

evaluate

4

Asks candidates to make an appraisal of the argument or concept under investigation or discussion. Candidates should weigh the nature of the evidence available, and identify and discuss the convincing aspects of the argument, as well as its limitations and implications.

examine

4

Asks candidates to investigate an argument or concept and present their own analysis. Candidates should approach the question in a critical and detailed way which uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue.

to what extent?

4

Asks candidates to evaluate the success or otherwise of one argument or concept over another. Candidates should present a conclusion, supported by arguments.